Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Horror Of War In Two Poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast Essay Example for Free

Horror Of War In Two Poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast Essay Compare the ways on which two poems from this section convey powerful pictures of life in the trenches. Both of the poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast try to convey a message that is the futility and horror of the war. The Dug-Out shows the horror of the war by accentuating the fear of death in the poem. However, Breakfast transfers the meaning of triviality by describing the hardship in the breakfast time in the trenches. The Dug-Out is written as a single stanza with simple structure and sentence. The poet has chosen this structure to convey striking imagery and therefore to reflect the reality of the war. The poem begins with the adverb why to intrigue the reader and also creates a sense of uneasiness with words ungainly huddled. The poet chooses to use the metaphor of a candle to portray the solders dying as the burning out of a candle. The alliteration guttering gold emphasizes the candle imagery and also shares the pain with the reader. You wonder why is in narrative voice shows the rejection putting a sense of hopeless. The last two lines are in italic and this highlights its importance. The metaphor of fall asleep for ever symbolizes the death and this remind[s] the poet of the other dead[s]. The emotive language such as sullen, drowsy states the fact that these soldiers are bordering on insanity as the fear of death has scarred them mentally. Sassoons view therefore becomes clear, that death has become as commonplace as sleep and war creates fear especially the fear of death for every soldier in any mundane condition. The title of the poem Breakfast has been chosen to put a sense of ordinarily and triviality. Gibson chooses to use a simple verse on Breakfast as well as The Dug-out. The poem begins a simple statement: we ate our breakfast lying on our backs. This straightforward account creates a sense of immediacy and also it begins with a second person narrative we to include the reader. Gibson chooses to use imagery of everyday life to represent the terror and horror of the war. In a betting of a rugby game, Ginger is dead because he raised his head. The killing of person in a betting during the breakfast time clearly illustrates the dreadfulness of the life in trenches. The effect of contrast is emphasized by the semi-colon this makes action more dramatic. The poem begins and ends with the same lines emphasizes that war is in everyday life just as the eating of breakfast and the shelling are also linked. Unlike The Dug-Out, there is no melancholy or emotive language in the poem whereas Giblson frequently use the simple word and slang to create a matter-of-fact tone and this generates a more horrific feeling upon the reader. Both poems portray the horror and fear of the war and make their point that war is futile by conveying powerful imagery in trenches. Both of them use the simple stanza and structure to express the feeling of fear and the sense of immediacy in trenches. The Dug-Out is set in a mood of melancholy by using the pathos language such as the guttering gold candle and describing the dankness that is surrounded with. Nevertheless, Breakfast achieves the same level of horror only by simple language as Gibson cleverly connects the war to the eating of breakfast and therefore emphasizes his idea of triviality and fultility.

Monday, January 20, 2020

A Memorable Experience In Photography :: essays research papers fc

A Memorable Experience in Photography To experience photography, one must have a certain style of photographs to really appreciate or admire. Photographs are picturesque images and views that really catch the interest of the photographer. For me to experience and admire photography, it took me only one photographer to really appreciate the power it has his name is Robert Capa. Robert grew up in Hungary he experienced the political unrest and turmoil. He lived under the oppression of Horthy and knew the kind of anarchy that constitutes war(Images of War 8). Robert's work represented 3 categories: 1. Images of battle. 2. Images of the effects of war. 3. Images of calamity(Photographs,Introduction). His work also had a swift understanding and sympathy for the people who suffer from being caught in war. This type of suffering made it impossible for him to ignore the events which affected their lives(Images of War 9). Robert's belief on photography is "If your pictures are not good enough, your not close enough"(Photographs Foreword). Robert's breakthrough in the field of photography came during the Spanish Civil War. His most famous picture was a snapshot of a courageous man in the act of falling(Capa18). His own special talents and course of world happenings, led him into a role as a professional photographer of war(Images of War20). To really admire and understand Capa, you must have a fascination for dramatic and emotional pictures of war. There probably has been thousands who admire the work he does. Well you can include me in that group of thousands. Capa puts into perspective in just one photograph, something my grandfather will never forget. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor. The photograph that brings back these memories is taken somewhere in Europe during World War II. It's a photograph that has the air full of scores of Japanese warplanes. They are flying over war stricken farmland. As an American citizen, this photograph brings a lot of emotions through me and would have brought greater emotions to my grandfather. I used this photograph because it brings back the memory of my grandfather telling me the story of how he survived that tragic day. On December 7, 1941, my grandfather was stationed at Pearl Harbor as a airplane mechanic. It was still early in the morning and he was still sleeping. Then out of nowhere he heard numerous explosions and then the sirens went off._ _He rushed out of bed and ran upstairs to see what was happening. In the sky he saw scores of Japanese airplanes flying and bombing the area. Some of the airplanes would risk their own lives to do more damage to the ships and the

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Policies and Procedures Essay

Policy: A person requesting a release of patient information other than him or her self, needs to correctly identify the reasoning for the information and proper legal documents need to be completed, such as an authorization form signed by the patient. Under certain circumstances, the release of information would not need authorization due to certain federal and state statutes; these are explained in the measurement standards. Objective: To protect patient’s individual rights to the privacy, security, and confidentiality of medical information being released to others by recording authorization information into the database with accuracy and in a timely manner. The patient’s specific authorization forms must be filed within 24 hours of admission. Measurements: 1. The patient must disclose their written authorization by completing an authorization form prior to the release of patient information to a health care provider, an individual who assists a health care provider in the delivery of health care, or an agent of the health care provider. 2. If the patient decides to complete an authorization form, we are required to honor that authorization and, if requested, provide a copy of the recorded health information unless the health care provider denies the patient access to health information. 3. To be valid, a disclosure of authorization must be in writing, dated, and signed by the patient. Identify the nature of the information to be disclosed, identify the name and institutional affiliation of the person to whom the information is being disclosed, identify the provider and the patient, and contain an expiration date that relates to the patient. 4. A patient may revoke in writing a disclosure authorization to a health care provider at any t ime unless disclosure is required to effectuate payments for health care that has been provided or other substantial action has been taken in reliance on the authorization. 5. A health care provider or facility may disclose patient health information without the patient’s authorization in the event of the recipient needs to know the information because the provider or facility reasonably believes the person is providing health care to the patient. 6. Disclosure without authorization may also be made to federal, state, or local law enforcement authorities upon receipt of a written or oral request made to a nursing supervisor, administrator, or designated privacy official, in a case in which the patient is being treated or has been treated for a bullet wound gunshot wound, powder burn, or other injury arising from or caused by discharge of a firearm. 7. A health care provider shall maintain a record of existing health care information for at least one year following a receipt of an authorization to disclose that health care information under RCW 70.02.040, and during the pendency of a request for examination and copying under RCW 70.02.080, or a request for correction or amendment under RCW 70.02.100. 8. The authorization must be entered into the database within the first 24 hours of completion; therefore, other staff members in the facility such as providers and other members of the ROI department will know the limits to the release of that patient’s information if requested upon. State and Federal Statutes: RCW70.02.020, RCW 70.02.030, RCW 70.02.040, RCW 70.02.050, RCW 70.02.160.

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Markedness Marked and Unmarked Forms in Language

In many areas of language study, such as structural linguistics,  markedness is  a state in which one linguistic element is more distinctively identified (or  marked) than another (unmarked) element. As Geoffrey Leech observed, Where there is a contrast between two or more members of a category such as a ​number, case, or tense, one of them is called marked if it contains some extra affix, as opposed to the unmarked member which does not. For example, the root verb walk is unmarked, and the past-tense of the verb is walked, which is marked by having the suffix -ed attached to it to indicate that its past tense (also called inflection). Words can also be marked to show their gender. Different Kinds of Markings on Words Root words take on affixes, such as suffixes and prefixes, and are thus this way marked—theres additional meaning attached to the word just by putting the affix onto the root or base word. For example:   Plurality: Plurals are made by adding the suffixes -s or -es onto nouns or changing the spelling, such as in family - families. Tense: Different tenses are shown through suffixes such as -ed or -d to put a root word in the past, as illustrated above.   Case: Nouns show possessive case with the addition of an s or an apostrophe (depending on the style guide followed), as in Lincolns or Jesus.   Gender: If a word shows you the gender of the animal, for example, its marked. Compare lion with lioness or stallion with mare.  Three of the four words in the preceding sentence are considered marked, even though only one has an affix (in this case, -ess, applied to some words to make them the female version). As language becomes more gender neutral, some terms are dropping out of use, such as policewoman being replaced by police officer or stewardess being replaced with flight attendant. Polarity: You can show the opposites of some words by marking them with a prefix. Examine, for example, the difference between consistent and inconsistent—or even the topic of this article, words that are marked or unmarked. The pairs have a marked and an unmarked term; just look for the prefix in these examples. Superlatives: Compare adjectives old,  older,  and oldest.  The marked versions are the superlative older and oldest because they have a suffix. They are less neutral than the term  old, which can be completely neutral in the asking of someones age, to wit, How old are you? The Theory and Its Fields of Study The terms marked and unmarked were introduced by Nikolai Trubetzkoy in his 1931 article on Die phonologischen Systeme. However, Trubetzkoys conception of markedness applied exclusively to phonology, though its not a crystal-clear science in that field of study, as author  Paul V. De Lacy explains:  Ã‚   A great deal of skepticism about  markedness  and the variation in what is considered unmarked seems to be due to three apparent problems: (a) some markedness diagnostics do not work all the time; (b)  marked  elements are  favoured  for some phenomena, and (c) markedness distinctions can be ignored. Sources R.L. Trask, Dictionary of English Grammar. Penguin, 2000 Geoffrey Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh University Press, 2006 Edwin L. Battistella, Markedness: The Evaluative Superstructure of Language. SUNY Press, 1990 Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1994 Paul V. De Lacy,  Markedness: Reduction And Preservation in Phonology. Cambridge University Press, 2006 William Croft,  Typology and Universals, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003

Friday, December 27, 2019

Gay Adoption - 2273 Words

Imagine for a moment that you are the loving foster parent of a 10 year old boy that you’ve raised since infancy. You consider him your son and are willing and able to adopt this child and have also proven your competency to do just that. Homosexuals have always faced discrimination, mostly for religious purposes, and have been denied basic rights that are not denied to heterosexuals. The gay adoption process is very rigorous, including extensive home visits and interview of prospective parents. It is designed to screen out those individuals who are not qualified to adopt or e foster parents, for whatever reason. All of the evidence shows that lesbians and gay men can and do make good parents. At the present time a lot of†¦show more content†¦In fact, the very first large scale gay adoption study was done in 2004, in the form of a survey of 183 gay families on the topic of family dynamics (Averett, Nalavany, and Scott 129-151). Though the study was in some ways flawed, such as the sampling of those surveyed, it showed that homosexual couples had longer term relationships than most heterosexual couples and that they had a high level of social support. A similar study done in 2005 showed that the 47 gay families in this new survey displayed the typical amount of strength as average heterosexual families. When those who are opposed to gay adoption try to argue that homosexual couples are more likely to mistreat their adoptive children, they are implying that all heterosexual couples are not capable of the same thing. For instance, if African Americans were found to be more likely than Caucasians to mistreat their children, would all African Americans then be banned from adopting? The obvious answer to this is no because it would be entirely unconstitutional, as is the current ban on gay adoption. A parent’s sexual orientation makes no difference to their child’s development, just like a parent’s ethnicity has no baring either. Someone opposed to gay adoption may reply that children with gay parents are more likely to consider having a same sex partner in the future. A major issue is the argument onShow MoreRelatedGay Adoption Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesGay parents are facing discrimination because of their sexual orientation. Twenty-two states currently allow single gays to adopt and 21 states currently allow gay and lesbian couples to adopt in the U.S. (Mallon, 2007, p. 6). The ability of gay couples to rear a child should not be denied only because they are gay. Homosexuals may be looked down upon by society, but they still are humans and have morals. These morals they possess, may influence a child more than those morals taught to a child withRead MoreGay Adoptions Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThere are basically two types of adoption agencies: Public agencies that are usually supported by public funding and are run by the state and Private agencies that are licensed by the state, but run privately (Reference 99). Regardless of the type of agency, the state has some say in their operations, and if the state has a ban of gay adoptions, then the agencies will have to abide. In 1977, Florida passed a civil rights ordinance making sexual orientation discrimination illegal in Dade County.Read MoreGay Parent Adoption And Same Sex Adoption1851 Words   |  8 Pages Gay parent adoption or same-sex adoption refers to the adoption of children by individuals who prefer romantic partners of the same sex--gays and lesbians. Same-sex adoption is portrayed by the media as being a potentially good thing but with potentially detrimental side effects, most notably for the adopted children. This type of adoption is often made to look as if it might well be done but perhaps should not be for the sake of the children involved. With groups such as the religious right, fundamentalistRead MoreGay Adoption Should Be Legal1203 Words   |  5 PagesGay adoption is a touchy subject to a lot of people. Even though gay adoption became legal in all 50 states on June 26, 2017 everyone still seems to have an opinion on the matter and a lot of the opinions lean toward not allowing gay couples to adopt. There are so many children in the foster care system that need loving and stable homes so why not let gay couples give that to them? There is a lot of evidence to show th at gay couples can be just as good at parenting as a straight couple. Maybe evenRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gay Adoption1643 Words   |  7 Pageschildren? Do gay parents and guardians effect children negatively? Adoption is a lengthy process of legally accepting responsibilities of a non-biological child. While adoption is usually governed by laws that vary from state to state, but there are also federal regulations. These federal laws are set in place to provide clarity on who can and cannot adopt, parental rights, consent, the best interest of the adoptees, and the confidentiality of the adoption. Preceding the adoption process,Read MoreGay Adoption Should Be Legal1355 Words   |  6 Pagesare no unwanted children just unfound families† (National Adoption Center.). Families together are one not anything different from every other family. No matter race, color, or the type of family. Adoption is just a way for anybody who wants to create a family would be able to have the access to have a family of their own. Even to the families who are not able to have a child or does not have a partner to have a child. The National Adoption Center allows the families in need to adopt a child in needRead MorePros And Cons Of Gay Adoption1793 Words   |  8 Pagessolutions, but must make use of pros and cons. Like all adoptions, the prospective parent(s) must prove themselves to be responsible and show they are capable to raise a child on their own, or with a spouse. This problem is one that is proving to be a much bigger issue than many people expected. In today’s more accepting society, gay couples are seeing more acceptance than ever before. Homosexuals and heterosexuals both have parental desires and gay couples are as interested in beginning families andRead MoreGay Adoption : Discrimination Against Gay1626 Words   |  7 PagesRomero, Jessica Communication Studies 105 Tuesday, Thursday 8-9:20 a.m. Gay Adoption Introduction Attention getter: Discrimination against gay men and lesbian women has been socially recognized for hundreds of years and still continues today. Homosexuals have adopted children for many years, regardless of fear and prejudice. The controversy of this matter is why homosexuals are not presented the equal fairness of the process and open opportunity as heterosexual couples who seek to adopt or fosterRead MoreArgumentative Essay About Gay Adoption1295 Words   |  6 PagesCorri Fairfull Discursive Essay-Gay Adoption Gay adoption is a subject which is widely debated. However over recent years gay adoption has allowed for most gay couples who want to adopt young children and give them a good quality of life, which they would have if they lived with their biological parents or a heterosexual couple, to do so. One positive view of gay adoption is that it gives the gay couple the chance to start their own family and give a child in care a new start to life in a lovingRead MorePersuasive Essay About Gay Adoption1639 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do these words have in common? They don’t describe gay adoption. The common misconceptualization that gay people get to choose their sexuality is false, so why should parents who were born with a different sexuality be scorned for wanting to adopt? Most people agree with the statement that children deserve to live in a home with a loving family rather than be stuck in an orphanage until they’re old enough to live alone. Same sex adoption has success stories, studies, and statistics that back

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Annotated Bibliography On Security System Using Rfid...

Career Episode 3 Introduction Title: SECURITY SYSTEM USING RFID TECHNOLOGY Date: January 2013 – July 2013 Duration: 7 academic weeks Location: Balkumari, Lalitpur Organization: Nepal College of information Technology Position: Student Project Supervisor: Professor Hari Raj Aryal CE 3.1 Background This project was made for the project exhibition organized by the Nepal College of Information Technology under the supervision of the Professor Hari Raj Aryal in-group of two members to present in the project exhibition. CE 3.2 Nature of Project The goal of the system I have designed is to manage and secure our working place and home using the radio frequency identification (RFID). RFID stores and retrieves using the RFID tags. It†¦show more content†¦CE 3.5 Organization chart The organizational chart for the accomplished of the project as below: CE 3.6 Engineering Knowledge and Skills The basic block diagram of the RFID based security system is as follows: In this system radio frequency identification plays the major role in the security purpose all other hardware components plays the secondary roles. I used the RFID tags that’s provides unique identification number whenever it read the card, then it send this information to the microcontroller and find out whether card is genuine or fake. If the card matches with the original information, I allow the user to enter the room else the security alarm will be on. Radio Frequency Identification The radio frequency identification is the system, which uses the radio wave to read the information the tag. The system consist of three main components RFID tag or transponder, which identify the data carrier in RFID, RFID tag reader or transceiver, which read data from and write to transponder and data processing subsystem, which use the data obtained from the transceiver. The transmitters and responders have electronic microchip that stores data and coupling elements like coiled antenna, used to communicate via radio frequency waves. Transponders might be active or passive. Active transponders have an on-tagShow MoreRelatedUses and Abuses of Biochip Technology1704 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: Biochip Technology; Uses and Abuses Working Hypothesis: What is the correlation between the prophecy of the mark of the beast, and current trends in biochip technology? Intro/Thesis statement: Technology is chipping away at our personal freedoms. In the New Testament, Revelations 13 warns He also forced everyone, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on his right hand or forehead, so that no one could buy or sell unless he had the mark, which isRead MoreEvidence and Examples of the Four Learning Outcomes2455 Words   |  10 Pagesan â€Å"Interview and Ethnography Assignment†. In the â€Å"Group Report In-Class Presentation† My objective was to describe a concept that was new to many called Radio-Frequency Identification. I described Radio-Frequency by using terminology that I felt my audience would understand. Using the Microsoft PowerPoint program I was able to use different styles of genres. I not only was able to use written communication I was able to use other conventions such as pictures to introduce the concept and its uses

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Child Abuse Essay Writing Example For Students

Child Abuse Essay Writing Child abuse, the physical and/or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person, is a major problem in homes across the United States. Child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder have increased in the U.S. and it is believed that a number of cases go unreported. Within child abuse comes neglect, which covers malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care for a child. Efforts have increased on the primary prevention of child abuse. This must be started on many different levels before it can be successful. Prevention plans on a social level include increasing the economic self-sufficiency of families, discouraging corporal punishment and other forms of violence, making health care more accessible and affordable, expanding and improving coordination of social services, improving the identification and treatment of psychological problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, providing more affordable child care and preventing the birth of unwanted children. Prevention plans on the family level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spousal abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety, and development. Primary prevention is to prevent the disease before it happens and reduce the chances of child abuse or negligence from happening. Between 1985 and today child abuse cases have increased by more than fifty percent. More than thirty-five percent of which were confirmed. Each year one hundred and sixty thousand children are abused severely, even to life threatening extents. One thousand to two thousand children are killed resulting form child abuse. One of twenty murder victims is a child. Murder is the fourth leading cause of death in children from ages five to fourteen. The murder of a baby within the first twenty-four hours of life, Neonaticide, accounts for forty-five percent of childrens death. Most child abuse occurs in the home and is started by someone who is known and trusted by the child. Abuse in day care center and foster car settings are only a small part of confirmed cases, but are more widely publicized. In a household where spousal abuse takes place, child abuse is fifteen percent more likely to occur also. Children are three times more likely to be abused by father rather than mothers. Four major types of child abuse are neglect, which is fifty-four percent of reported cases of child abuse, physical abuse, which makes up twenty-five percent, sexual abuse, which is eleven percent and emotional which is three percent. Other ways of abuse make up another seven percent. There are many long-term consequences that children endure along with the physical and mental cruelty. Children may have to endure delays in reaching developmental milestones, refusal to attend school and separation anxiety disorders. Other consequences include an increased likelihood of future substance abuse, aggressive behaviors, high-risk health behaviors, criminal activity, depressive and affective disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, schizophrenia and abuse of their own children and spouse. For a proper development of the brain, the child should be shown a loving, caring, and stimulating environment during the first three years of the childs life. There are four major levels that can influence child abuse. One being the individual level, two the family, three the community, and four the society. The following factors are believed to be factors contributing to the development of physical and emotional abuse and neglect of children. Community/society parent related, high crime rate personal history of physical or sexual abuse, lack of or few social services, teenage parents, high poverty rate of parenting skills, high unemployment, rate of unwanted pregnancy, emotional immaturity, child-related poor coping skills, prematurely, low self-esteem, low birth weight, personal history of substance, handicap, history of known child abuse, domestic violence, and lack of preparation for extreme stress of having a new infant. .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d , .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .postImageUrl , .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d , .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d:hover , .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d:visited , .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d:active { border:0!important; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d:active , .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91df5e81d93c3939e5b882c112c6df0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Importance of Arts in School Essay Large argument by many people is that our society does now really value its children. The argument is made on such things as the fact that one out of four children live in poverty, and many children do not have any kind of health insurance. Also the high levels of violence in society are thought to add to child abuse. Seventy-five of violence in the U.S. is domestic violence. Also contributing to high violence rates is the exposure to